Слова связки служат для объединения между собой предложений. Они делают Вашу речь богаче, естественнее и приятней для восприятия. Их также ещё называют connecting words – соединительные слова.
Иногда, просто произнося эти слова, Вы можете создать впечатление хорошо владеющего языком человека, рассуждающего на какую-то не простую тему.
Попав в неудобную для Вас ситуацию и не зная, что сказать, вы можете немного потянуть время и подумать. Посмотрите, как это делает Мартин Кук.
Они могут являться и предлогом и частицей и наречием и союзом.
Их также можно разбить на два типа conjunctions - союзы и transition words – переходные слова.
Для Вашего удобства их лучше разбить по функциям. А именно, попав в ту или иную ситуацию, у Вас уже должны быть подготовлены слова, которые помогут Вам выйти из положения. Необходимо создать «банк слов связок» по назначению.
Для более эффективного заучивания слов-связок Вы можете воспользоваться тренажёром on-line. Он даст Вам возможность прослушать эти слова с примерами начитанные носителем языка профессиональным диктором Нилом Гейтцем. Тренажер даёт возможность распределять слова на группы «знаю», «не знаю» и сосредоточиться на словах, которые запоминаются сложнее. Также, Вы можете приобрести печатный вариант карточек, использование которых даёт более эффективный результат, так как в процесс запоминания включаются ещё и тактильные ощущения.
Read by Neil Geitz
1. Таблица: Opposition / Limitation / Contradiction – контраст / оговорка / противоречие
2. Таблица: Cause / Condition / Purpose / причина / условие / цель
3. Таблица: Effect / result / consequence – следствие / результат / последствие
Таблица: Opposition / Limitation / Contradiction – контраст / оговорка / противоречие |
АНГЛИЙСКОЕ СЛОВО |
ТРАНСКРИПЦИЯ |
ПЕРЕВОД |
although / though |
[ɔːlˈðəʊ] |
хотя, если бы даже |
Although the sun was shining it wasn't that warm. (in spite of the fact that) |
||
instead |
[ɪnˈstɛd] |
вместо, взамен |
People should leave their cars at home and travel by train instead. (as an alternative) Instead of buying a car he bought a house. |
||
whereas |
[ˌwerˈæz] |
тогда как, в то время как |
You treat this matter lightly, whereas I myself have never been more serious. |
||
while |
[waɪl] |
в то время как; когда |
While I accept that he's not perfect in many respects, I do actually like the man. (despite the fact that; although) |
||
despite |
[dɪˈspaɪt] |
не смотря на |
He was forced to step down as mayor despite his popularity with voters. (in spite of) |
||
in spite of |
[ɪnspaɪt əv] |
не смотря на, вопреки |
In spite of their mutual dislike, he had helped her. (despite) |
||
conversely |
[ˈkɒnvəːsli] |
обратно, противоположно, наоборот |
He would have preferred his wife not to work, although conversely he was also proud of what she did. |
||
otherwise |
[ˈʌðərwaɪz] |
иначе, в противном случае |
Hurry up, otherwise we'll be late. (or else) |
||
however |
[haʊˈevər| |
однако, как, как бы ни |
People tend to put on weight in middle age - however, gaining weight is not inevitable. (but, nevertheless) |
||
rather |
[ˈræðər] |
скорее, довольно, вернее, лучше |
The judgment was not impulsive, but rather a carefully thought - out decision. (on the contrary) |
||
nevertheless |
[ˌnevərðəˈles] |
тем не менее, однако |
The statements which, although literally true, are nevertheless misleading. Nevertheless, it makes sense to take a few precautions. (in spite of that) |
||
nonetheless |
[ˌnʌnðəˈles] |
тем не менее, всё же |
The rally, which the government had declared illegal, was nonetheless attended by some 6,000. (in spite of that; nevertheless) |
||
not with standing |
[ˌnɑːt wɪθˈ stændɪŋ] |
несмотря на, вопреки, хотя |
Not with standing that Sir Henry had sold much land, his debts were still on the increase. (although) |
||
regardless |
[rɪˈɡɑːrdləs] |
не обращая внимания ни на что |
The plan for a new office building went ahead regardless of local opposition. (despite; not being affected by something) |
||
but |
[bət] |
но, а, однако |
He stumbled but didn't fall. (yet; nevertheless) |
||
still |
[stɪl] |
и все же; однако |
I know you don't like her, but you still don't have to be so rude to her. |
||
unlike |
[ˌʌnˈlaɪk] |
в отличие от |
Unlike me everybody is free. |
||
or |
[ɔːr] |
или, либо |
Call me in an hour or I will go home. |
||
yet |
[jet] |
и всё же |
He was doing nothing, yet he appeared purposeful. (nevertheless) |
||
albeit |
[ˌɔːlˈbiːɪt] |
хотя, тем не менее |
He was making progress, albeit rather slowly. (though) |
||
as much as |
[æz mʌtʃ æz] |
столько сколько; также много |
He works as much as you do. |
||
even though |
[ˈiːvn ðəʊ] |
хотя, даже если |
Even though he was bigger, he never looked down on me. (despite the fact that) |
||
although this may be true |
[ɔːlˈðəʊ ðɪs meɪ bi truː] |
хотя это может быть правдой |
Although this can be true, I think it would be a big mistake to legalize it. |
||
in contrast to |
[ɪn ˈkɑːntræst tuː] |
в отличие от |
In contrast to their neighbours, they live modestly. |
||
different from |
[ˈdɪfrənt frɒm] |
отличительный; отличный |
She's quite different from her sister. |
||
of course ..., but |
[ɒvkɔːrs …, bʌt] |
конечно …, но |
Of course I know it, but I don’t want to tell you this information. |
||
on the one hand / on the other hand |
с одной стороны / с другой стороны |
|
On the one hand he is clever on the other hand he makes a lot of mistakes. |
||
on the contrary |
[ɒnðə ˈkɒntrəri] |
наоборот |
It wasn't a good thing; on the contrary it was a huge mistake. |
||
at the same time |
[æt ðə seɪm ˈtaɪm] |
в тоже самое время |
I can't really explain it, but at the same time I'm not convinced. (nevertheless) |
||
even so |
[ˈiːvən ˈsəʊ] |
даже при этих условиях, даже в таком случае |
That was not the most exciting of places, but even so I was having a good time. (in spite of that; nevertheless) |
||
be that as it may |
[bi ðæt æz ɪt meɪ] |
как бы то ни было |
Well, be that as it may, I'm not about to sign this despite that. (nevertheless) |
||
then again |
[ðenəˈɡɛn] |
с другой стороны |
I like to travel but, then again, I'm very fond of my home. |
||
above all |
[əˈbʌvɔːl] |
прежде всего |
He was concerned above all to speak the truth. (more so than anything else) |
||
in reality |
[ɪn rɪˈalɪti] |
в действительности, фактически |
She had believed she could control these feelings, but in reality that was not so easy. (in actual fact) |
||
after all |
[ˈɑːftə ɔːl] |
в конечном итоге; в конце концов |
I rang and told her I couldn't come after all. |
Таблица: Cause / Condition / Purpose / причина / условие / цель |
В большем разрешении (для печати) |
АНГЛИЙСКОЕ СЛОВО |
ТРАНСКРИПЦИЯ |
ПЕРЕВОД |
IN CASE |
[ɪn keɪs] |
на тот случай, если... |
We put on thick jumpers, in case it was cold |
||
PROVIDED THAT |
[prəˈvʌɪdɪd ðæt] |
при условии если / при условии, что |
Provided that all is safe, you may go. |
||
GIVEN THAT |
[ˈɡɪvn ðæt] |
лишь тогда, когда |
He has motivation given that he lost custody. |
||
ONLY IF |
[ˈəʊnli ɪf] |
лишь тогда, когда |
I'll tell you, but only if you don't tell anyone else. |
||
EVEN IF |
[ˈiːvn ɪf] |
даже если |
I will go cycling even if it rains. |
||
SO THAT |
[ˈsəʊ ðæt] |
чтобы (для того); так, чтобы |
He whispered so that I could not hear. |
||
IN ORDER TO |
[ɪn ˈɔːrdər tuː ] |
для того, чтобы |
You have to love in order to be loved. |
||
SO AS TO |
[ˈəʊɪŋ tuː] |
из-за, вследствие |
I drove at a steady 50 mph so as to save fuel. |
||
DUE TO |
[duː tuː] |
из-за, по причине |
He is unavoidably absent due to prior commitments. |
||
INASMUCH AS |
[ɪnəzˈmʌtʃ æz] |
в той мере, в какой; ввиду того, что |
Chile is currently studying the proposal, inasmuch as it has certain strengths. |
||
UNLESS |
[ʌnˈlɛs] |
если не, пока не |
I shall not go unless the weather is fine. |
||
WHENEVER |
[wenˈevər] |
когда бы ни, всякий раз когда |
You can ask for help whenever you need it. |
||
SINCE |
[sɪns] |
поскольку, так как |
Since he is still absent, we should call the police. |
||
BECAUSE OF |
[bɪˈkɔːz ɒv] |
вследствие; по причине |
They moved here because of the baby. |
||
AS |
[æz] |
так как |
The athletes were free to compete again, as the case against them had not been proved. |
||
LEST |
[lest] |
чтобы не, как бы не, как бы ни |
She turned away from the window lest anyone see them. |
||
IN THE EVENT THAT |
[ɪn ðə ɪˈvent ðæt] |
в случае, если |
Please be ready to call the police in the event that he doesn't leave the premises immediately. |
||
AS LONG AS |
[æz lɔːŋ æz] |
пока, при условии |
Specialized expertise can be developed within the Organization as long as candidates possess basic abilities. |
||
ON (THE) CONDITION (THAT) |
[kənˈdɪʃ(ə)n] |
при условии, что |
I accept this proposal on condition that he will assist. |
||
FOR THE PURPOSE OF |
[fɔː ðə ˈpɜːrpəs ɒv] |
с целью |
We arranged the meeting for the purpose of preventing a strike. |
||
WITH THIS IN MIND |
[wɪð ðɪs ɪn maɪnd] |
имея в виду это обстоятельство |
With this in mind, this report focuses on how social protection can be used. |
||
IN THE HOPE THAT |
[ɪn ðə həʊp ðæt] |
в надежде на то, что |
We are putting an end to violence of all kinds, in the hope that they will respond positively to our peaceful approach. |
||
FOR FEAR THAT |
[fɔː fɪə ðæt] |
опасаясь, что |
She finally ran away for fear that he would kill her. |
||
SEEING THAT |
[ˈsiːɪŋ ðæt] |
поскольку; ввиду; так как |
We could have a joint party, seeing that your birthday is the same day as mine. |
||
BEING THAT |
[ˈbiːɪŋ ðæt] |
заключаться в том, что; так как |
It has a couple of unusual features, the first being that my client appears to be innocent. |
||
IN VIEW OF |
[ɪn vjuː ɒv] |
виду (чего-л.); принимая во внимание (что-л.) |
Indeed, many of our informants preferred to remain anonymous, in view of the sensitivity of the subject. |
Таблица: Effect / result / consequence – следствие / результат / последствие |
В большем разрешении (для печати) |
АНГЛИЙСКОЕ СЛОВО |
ТРАНСКРИПЦИЯ |
ПЕРЕВОД |
AS A RESULT |
[æz æ rɪˈzʌlt] |
как результат; в результате |
Profits have declined as a result of the recent drop in sales. |
||
UNDER THOSE CIRCUMSTANCES |
[ˈʌndər ðəʊz ˈsɜːkəmstənsɪz] |
в этих обстоятельствах |
Under those circumstances, her actions were completely defensible. |
||
IN THAT CASE |
[ɪn ðæt keɪs] |
в таком/этом случае |
‘I'm free this evening.’ ‘In that case, why not have dinner with me? |
||
FOR THIS REASON |
[fɔː ðɪs ˈriːz(ə)n] |
по этой причине |
For this reason alone he can be fired. |
||
HENCEFORTH |
[ˌhensˈfɔːrθ] |
отныне, впредь, в дальнейшем |
Henceforth, supervisors will report directly to the manager. |
||
FOR |
[fɔː] |
так как, потому что, ибо |
I couldn't see for the tears in my eyes. I don't eat meat for various reasons. |
||
THUS |
[ðʌs] |
таким образом, так, поэтому |
The alloy is highly reflective and was thus widely used for mirrors. |
||
THEN |
[ðen] |
в таком случае; тогда |
Well, if that's what he wants, then he should leave. |
||
HENCE |
[hɛns] |
следовательно, отсюда |
The company lost a great deal of money. Hence, the CEO was asked to resign. |
||
CONSEQUENTLY |
[ˈkɒnsɪkw(ə)ntli] |
следовательно, в результате |
Many of the subjects available are not taught in school, and consequently may be unfamiliar as a result. |
||
THEREFORE |
[ˈðerfɔːr] |
поэтому, следовательно |
He was injured and therefore unable to play for that reason. |
||
THEREUPON |
[ˌðerəˈpɑːn] |
вследствие того |
The committee reviewed the documents and thereupon decided to accept the proposal. |
||
FORTHWITH |
[fɔːθˈwɪθ] |
немедленно, тотчас |
If the fire alarm rings, leave the building forthwith. |
||
ACCORDINGLY |
[əˈkɔːdɪŋli] |
соответственно, в соответствии |
Katherine still considered him a child and treated him accordingly. |
Igor Shavkunov
Автор проекта Your-Teachers.ru Профессиональный преподаватель английского языка - классического и разговорного. Автор множества статей об эффективных методиках, помогающих быстро выучить английский язык.